In order to understand how these forces act and whether their proposals are successful, this research is based on the advocacy coalition framework. In other words, individuals who appreciate Japan's pop culture can act together to maintain the current system and those who dislike such materials also join forces to change policies to prohibit certain behaviors. This research adds to the body of work by taking into account that individuals get together with others who share the same beliefs to influence local or global policies. This paper seeks to contribute to this literature with an analysis of the forces that drive or attempt to influence changes in the way Japan regulates animation, games and comics, especially concerning fictitious depictions of children. Sapporo: Center for Applied Ethics and Philosophy.). In Applied ethics: old wine in new bottles?, edited by Center of applied ethics and philosophy Hokkaido University, 165-175. Manga, virtual child pornography, and censorship in Japan. Sei hyōgen kisei no genkai: ‘Waisetsu’ gainen to sono kisei konkyo. International Journal of Japanese Sociology 17 (1): 114-128. Undoing sexual objectification in the Japanese socio-juridical context: the human-rights-oriented transmutation of the conception of ‘obscene’ material. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 37 (1): 219-240. Fujoshi: fantasy play and transgressive intimacy among “rotten girls” in contemporary Japan. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis.), and legal and sociological issues concerning otaku and virtual pornography ( Galbraith 2011 Galbraith, Patrick W. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ), a philosophical study of otaku ( Saito 2013 Saito, Tamaki. The anxieties that make the ‘otaku’: capital and the common sense of consumption in contemporary Japan. Intercultural Communication Studies 23 (2): 54-68.), an economic analysis of otaku culture ( Kam 2013 Kam, Thiam Huat. The cultural context and the interpretation of Japanese ‘Lolita complex’ style anime. Permitted and prohibited desires: mothers, comics, and censorship in Japan. ) a psychological or anthropological analysis of otaku ( Allison 2006 Allison, Anne. Cool, creepy, moé: otaku fictions, discourses, and policies. Los Angeles: University of California.), media theory ( Lamarre 2013 Lamarre, Thomas. In Women, media and consumption in Japan, edited by Lise Skov and Brian Moeran, 220-254. São Paulo: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 1: 288-307.), the relationship between cuteness and gender ( Kinsella 1995 Kinsella, Sharron. Anais do Encontro Internacional de Pesquisadores em Arte Oriental. Journal of Japanese Studies 24 (2): 289-316. Japanese subculture in the 1990s: otaku and the amateur manga movement. The academic literature on these issues focuses on: analyzing cute culture ( Kinsella 1998 Kinsella, Sharron. Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law 44: 195-236.). Regulating lolicon: toward Japanese compliance with its international legal obligations to ban virtual child pornography. “Lolicon: the reality of ‘virtual child pornography’ in Japan”.
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Debates about the desirability and existence of these materials have been polarizing with individuals placing them as expressions of free speech and sexuality, while others call for their criminalization and prohibition 3 3 As Japanese pop culture can be centered on a notion of cuteness, these fictitious characters are often drawn in ways to look cute and young. This pornographic subgenre of pop culture can be heavily focused on sexual violence and fictitious depictions of children in animation, comics and video games. This world centered on fantasy and on cuteness has a wide variety of genres including pornography and violence. Beyond ‘kawaii’ pop culture: Japan's normative soft power as global trouble-shooter. Journal of Global Media Studies 1: 17-29. Tokyo pop culture as a transformative culture. Since the 1980s, Japanese popular culture has continued to grow as a relevant global commodity and an increasing aspect of Japan's soft power ( Kawasaki 2007 Kawasaki, Kenichi. Non-East-Asian names follow the traditional Western standard of given name followed by the family name. Japanese names follow the Japanese standard naming starting with the family name followed by the given name. The views expressed herein are those of the author.
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